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<title>Operation Mars</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Mars</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Soviet offensive operation in the Second World War. For the German offensive in the First World War, see <a href="German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a>. For the Portuguese military offensive, see <a href="Operation_Mars_(Portugal)" title="Operation Mars (Portugal)">Operation Mars (Portugal)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Mars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25 November – 20 December 1942</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="Rzhev" title="Rzhev">Rzhev</a> and <a href="Velikie_Luki" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikie Luki">Velikie Luki</a> salients, <a href="Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

German victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<span data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Maksim_Purkayev" title="Maksim Purkayev">Maksim Purkayev</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

702,923 personnel,<br>1,718 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-militera.lib.ru_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militera.lib.ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

3 combined corps<br>(with 13 infantry divisions<br>and 2 paratrooper divisions)<br>2 panzer corps<br>(5 panzer divisions,<br>3 motorized divisions)<br>1,615 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-militera.lib.ru_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militera.lib.ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>Total forces:<br>~350,000 troops</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<b>Krivosheev</b>:<br>70,373 irrecoverable<br>145,301 wounded or sick<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>Glantz</b>:<br>100,000 killed<br>235,000 wounded<br>1,600 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<b>Grossmann</b>:<br> 40,000 combat casualties<sup id="cite_ref-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>Buttar</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br> 40,000–45,000 in total</td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><div id="Rzhev_campaign1469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev campaign</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1942</b>

<ul><li><a href="Rzhev%E2%80%93Vyazma_offensive_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rzhev–Vyazma offensive (1942)">1st Rzhev–Vyazma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sychyovka%E2%80%93Vyazma_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sychyovka–Vyazma offensive">Sychyovsky</a></li>

<li>Mozhaysk (<i>Jupiter</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Vyazma_airborne_operation" title="Vyazma airborne operation">Vyazma Airborne</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Hannover" title="Operation Hannover"><i>Hannover</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Operation_%22Seydlitz%22" title="Operation "Seydlitz""><i>Seydlitz</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rzhev%2C_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">1st Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li>

<li><a href="Kozelsk_offensive" title="Kozelsk offensive">Kozelsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Operation_B%C3%BCffel" title="Operation Büffel">2nd Rzhev–Vyazma</a> (<i>Büffel</i>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Front8471" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Eastern_Front8471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Baltic_Sea_campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><b><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></b></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></b></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li>

<li><a href="1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li>

<li><a href="Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li>

<li><a href="Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rzhev%2C_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn"><i>Little Saturn</i></a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra"><i>Iskra</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star"><i>Polar Star</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li>

<ul><li><b><a href="Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Battle_of_Romania" title="Battle of Romania">Romania</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Turda" title="Battle of Turda">Turda</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_P%C4%83uli%C8%99" title="Battle of Păuliș">Păuliș</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Carei" title="Battle of Carei">Carei</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li>

<li><a href="Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li>

<li><a href="Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li>

<li><a href="Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li>

<li><a href="Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice"><i>Solstice</i></a></li>

<li><a href="East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li>

<li><a href="Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<p><b>Operation Mars</b> (Russian: Операция «Марс»), also known as the <b>Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive Operation</b> (Russian: Вторая Ржевско-Сычёвская наступательная операция), was the codename for an offensive launched by <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces against <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> forces during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It took place between 25 November and 20 December 1942 around the <a href="Rzhev" title="Rzhev">Rzhev</a> <a href="Salients%2C_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> in the vicinity of <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.

</p><p>The offensive was a joint operation of the <a href="Soviet_Western_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Western Front">Soviet Western Front</a> and <a href="Kalinin_Front" title="Kalinin Front">Kalinin Front</a> co-ordinated by <a href="Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>. The offensive was one in a series of particularly bloody engagements that are collectively known in Soviet and Russian histories as the <b><a href="Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Battles of Rzhev</a></b>, which occurred near <a href="Rzhev" title="Rzhev">Rzhev</a>, <a href="Sychyovka%2C_Sychyovsky_District%2C_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Sychyovka, Sychyovsky District, Smolensk Oblast">Sychevka</a> and <a href="Vyazma" title="Vyazma">Vyazma</a> between January 1942 and March 1943. The battles became known as the "Rzhev meat grinder" ("Ржевская мясорубка") for their huge losses, particularly on the Soviet side. For many years, they were relegated to a footnote in <a href="Soviet_military_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet military history">Soviet military history</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_plans">Soviet plans</h2></div>

<p>In Operation Mars, which was planned to start in late October, forces of the Kalinin and the Western Fronts would encircle and destroy the powerful <a href="German_Ninth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="German Ninth Army">German Ninth Army</a> in the <a href="Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev salient</a>. The basic plan of the offensive was to launch multiple co-ordinated thrusts from all sides of the salient, resulting in the destruction of the Ninth Army. The offensive would also tie down German units and prevent them from being moved south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012369_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012369-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Kalinin_Front" title="Kalinin Front">Kalinin</a> and <a href="Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western Fronts</a> were directed by Stalin and Zhukov "to crush the Rzhev-Sychovka-Olenino-Bely enemy grouping." The Western Front was to "take Sychovka no later than the 15th December." The Kalinin Front's <a href="39th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="39th Army (Soviet Union)">39th</a> and <a href="22nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="22nd Army (Soviet Union)">22nd</a> armies were to take <a href="Olenino%2C_Tver_Oblast" title="Olenino, Tver Oblast">Olenino</a> by 16 December and Bely by 20 December.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgyZhukov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121–122, 129–130">: 121–122, 129–130 </span></sup>

</p><p>Operation Mars was to be followed soon afterward by Operation Jupiter, which was to commence two to three weeks later. The Western Front's powerful <a href="5th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Army (Soviet Union)">5th</a> and <a href="33rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="33rd Army (Soviet Union)">33rd</a> Armies, supported by <a href="3rd_Guards_Tank_Army" title="3rd Guards Tank Army">3rd Guards Tank Army</a>, would attack along the <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>-Vyazma highway axis, link up with the victorious Mars force, and envelop and destroy all German forces east of Smolensk. Once resistance around Vyazma was neutralized, the <a href="9th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Tank Corps">9th</a> and <a href="10th_Tank_Corps" title="10th Tank Corps">10th Tank Corps</a> and the <a href="3rd_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Tank Army (Soviet Union)">3rd Tank Army</a> would then penetrate deeper into the rear of <a href="Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_of_offensive">Launch of offensive</h2></div>

<p>The offensive was launched in the early hours of 25 November 1942. It got off to a bad start, as fog and snowy weather grounded the planned air support. It also greatly reduced the effect of the massive artillery barrages preceding the main attacks by making it impossible for the forward artillery observers to adjust fire and observe the results.

The northern thrust made little progress. The eastern attack across the frozen <a href="Vazuza" title="Vazuza">Vazuza river</a> slowly ground forward. The two western thrusts made deeper penetrations, especially around the key town of <a href="Bely%2C_Tver_Oblast" title="Bely, Tver Oblast">Belyi</a>.

Still, the progress was nowhere near what the Soviets expected.

</p><p>The German defenders fought stubbornly, clinging to their <a href="Strongpoint" title="Strongpoint">strongpoints</a>, which were often centered on many of the small villages in the area. In some cases, German strongpoints remained manned for a time after the Soviets advanced past them, creating more problems for the <a href="Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in their rear areas. Despite repeated, persistent Soviet attacks, German small-arms fire and pre-planned artillery concentrations cut down the attacking Soviet infantry. Soviet tanks were picked off by <a href="Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a> and the few German tanks, as well as in close combat with infantry.

</p>

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<p>One part of a small wood... had been a battlefield; the trees blasted by shells and mines looked like stakes driven in at random. The earth was criss-crossed by trenches; dugouts bulged like blisters... The deep roar of guns and the furious barks of mortars were deafening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370–371_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370–371-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</blockquote>

<div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a></cite></div>

</div>

<p>The relative lack of initial success compounded the Soviet problems. The minor penetrations and the resulting small bridgeheads made it difficult to bring forward reinforcements and follow-up forces, especially artillery so critical for reducing the German strongpoints. The Germans reacted by shifting units within the salient against the points of the Soviet advance and pinching off their spearheads. With limited reserves and reinforcement unlikely due to Soviet offensives elsewhere, the <a href="9th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="9th Army (Soviet Union)">Ninth Army</a> was put under great pressure.

</p><p>Eventually the shifting of German forces, coupled with Soviet losses and supply difficulties, allowed the Germans to gain the upper hand. Their lines held, and they retook much of the lost ground. The German counterattacks against the Belyi (western) and Vazuza (eastern) Soviet thrusts resulted in several thousand Soviet soldiers being trapped behind German lines. A few of them managed to break through to Soviet lines, some after fighting in the German rear for weeks. The trapped Soviets had to leave almost all of their vehicles and heavy weapons behind. Though the Germans were not able to drive Soviet forces from the Luchesa valley in the northwest of the salient, that was of little significance because the Soviets there were unable to press their attack through the difficult terrain.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2></div>

<p>"The Western Front failed to penetrate enemy defences," according to <a href="Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov</a>. The Germans were able to hit the flank of the Kalinin Front and trapped <a href="Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> MD Solomatin's Mechanized Corps for three days before they were relieved.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgyZhukov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup>

</p><p>Operation Mars was a military failure, and the Soviets were unable to achieve any of their objectives. However, in the aftermath of Operation Mars the commander of <a href="Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>, <i><a href="Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i> <a href="G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a>, recommended the Germans abandon the salient to economize on manpower and to assume more defensible positions. <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> refused. His denial of a major withdrawal in the winter of 1941–1942 had ultimately stabilized the <a href="German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> when it was on the edge of a collapse. Subsequently, he was less willing to heed the advice of his commanders. In addition, he was unwilling to give up any ground he had won and saw usefulness in retaining the salient as a starting point for a future thrust upon Moscow. However, in the spring of 1943, his desire to move back onto the offensive made him more receptive to withdrawing forces from the salient to free up manpower for operations elsewhere. A staged withdrawal was begun at the beginning of March 1943. By 23 March, the withdrawal was complete.

</p><p>Historian A. V. Isayev has pointed out that together with influences on other sectors during the winter of 1942–1943, Operation Mars had an effect upon the strategic situation in 1943. In the plan for the large <a href="Operation_Citadel" title="Operation Citadel">offensive at Kursk</a> in July 1943, the <a href="9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Army (Wehrmacht)">German Ninth Army</a> was positioned in the southern area of the <a href="Oryol" title="Oryol">Orel</a> salient. It assaulted the Kursk salient from the north. However, its losses suffered at Rzhev during Operation Mars resulted in the Ninth Army being short of forces, particularly infantry, and it could not muster enough force to fulfill its task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2></div>

<p>In the final assessment, Operation Mars was a failure for the Soviet forces.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, among the results of the battle were losses to the reserves of <a href="Army_Group_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Center">Army Group Center</a>, which reduced the German forces that could be redirected against the more successful Soviet operations against <a href="Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> in the <a href="Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. About this matter, German <a href="Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="Kurt_von_Tippelskirch" title="Kurt von Tippelskirch">Kurt von Tippelskirch</a> commented:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In order to confine the German forces in every sector of the front and prevent the large reinforcement to the critical sectors, and in order to strengthen their [i.e., the Soviet] position in the places which were suitable for future offensives in the following winter, the Russians renewed their offensives in the central sector. Their main efforts focused on Rzhev and <a href="Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikye Luky</a>. Therefore, our three <a href="Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">panzer divisions</a> and several <a href="Infantry_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry division">infantry divisions</a> – which were planned to be used in the southern sectors – had to be kept here to close gaps in the front and to retake lost territories. This was the only method for us to stop the enemy breakthrough.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Kurt von Tippelskirch<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>A major area of controversy is whether the operation was intended as a major offensive, or if it was launched simply in order to divert German attention and resources away from <a href="Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, preventing the Wehrmacht from relieving the <a href="6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">Sixth Army</a> or interfering with <a href="Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a>. The Soviet forces concentrated for Operation Mars were much larger than the ones used in Operation Uranus around Stalingrad.<sup id="cite_ref-mars_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military historian <a href="David_M._Glantz" title="David M. Glantz">David M. Glantz</a> believes that Operation Mars was the main Soviet offensive, while the narrative that it was merely intended to be a diversionary attack was <a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> circulated by the Soviet government to excuse its failure. He described the whole affair as the "greatest defeat of Marshal Zhukov".

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the unlikely event that Zhukov was correct and Mars was really a diversion, there has never been one so ambitious, so large, so clumsily executed, or so costly.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— David M. Glantz</p></div>

<p>The <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> historian <a href="Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> disagrees with Glantz by citing that Zhukov spent less time planning Mars than Uranus, and that the Soviet artillery shell allocation was much smaller for Mars than for Uranus. Operation Uranus received "2.5 to 4.5 ammunition loads [per gun]... compared with less than one in Operation Mars."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Russian historian <a href="Makhmut_Akhmetovich_Gareyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhmut Akhmetovich Gareyev">Makhmut Akhmetovich Gareyev</a>, citing <a href="Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> orders, asserted that the goal of Operation Mars was to tie down German forces in the Rzhev sector, preventing them from reinforcing Stalingrad. Thus, it ensured the success of Uranus and the Soviet offensives in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to <a href="NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> agent <a href="Pavel_Anatoliyevich_Sudoplatov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Anatoliyevich Sudoplatov">Pavel Anatoliyevich Sudoplatov</a>, Soviet intelligence intentionally leaked the plan of Operation Mars to the Germans as part of a series of deceptive "radio games" named "Monastery" (<i>Монастырь</i>). One of these "Monastery" operations was intended to lure the German attention to the Rzhev sector. During the intelligence operation, a Soviet <a href="Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a>, Aleksandr Petrovich Demyanov (code name "Heine"), revealed information about a large-scale Soviet offensive in the Rzhev area to convince the Germans that the next major attack by the <a href="Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> would occur in the central sector. Aside from Soviet intelligence, only <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> knew about "Monastery".<sup id="cite_ref-Pavel_Pavel_Anatolyevich_Sudoplatov_1950_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavel_Pavel_Anatolyevich_Sudoplatov_1950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Zhukov concluded that the main reason Soviet forces were unable to destroy the Rzhev salient "was underestimation of the rugged terrain" and "the shortage of supporting armour, artillery, mortars, and aircraft to pierce the enemy defences." He also did not expect the Germans to bring "up considerable reinforcements to this sector from other Fronts."<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgyZhukov_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div>

<ul><li>Soviet:

<ul><li><b>Isayev</b>:<br>70,373 killed<br>145,301 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>Glantz</b>:<br>100,000 killed<br> 235,000 wounded<br>1,600 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li>German: 40,000 casualties<sup id="cite_ref-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808140919/http://militera.lib.ru/h/isaev_av6/08.html">"Исаев, Алексей Валерьевич. Когда внезапности уже не было. История ВОВ, которую мы не знали. — М.: Яуза, Эксмо, 2006. (Alexey Valeryevich Isayev. When the sudden element was lost – History of World War II, the facts that we do not know. Yauza & Penguin Books. Moskva. 2006. Part II: 1942 Autumn-Winter Offensive. Sector 2: Operation Mars)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/isaev_av6/08.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Гриф секретности снят: Потери Вооруженных Сил СССР в войнах, боевых действиях и военных конфликтах: Стат. исслед./ Г. Ф. Кривошеев, В. М. Андроников, П. Д. Буриков. — М.: Воениздат, 1993.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999308_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1999">Glantz 1999</a>, p. 308.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossmann_H._Rzhew_1980_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/grossman/index.html">Гроссманн Хорст. Ржев — краеугольный камень Восточного фронта. — Ржев: «Ржевская правда», 1996. German name: Grossmann H. Rzhew: Eckpfeiler der Ostfront. — Friedberg : Podzun-Pallas-Verlag, 1980.</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttar, Prit. Meat Grinder: The Battles for the Rzhev Salient, 1942–43. Osprey Publishing, 2022, p. 369.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012369-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012369_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 369.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgyZhukov_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgyZhukov_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgyZhukov_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov1974" class="citation book cs1">Zhukov, Georgy (1974). <i>Marshal of Victory, Volume II</i>. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>132. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781781592915</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370–371-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370–371_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 370–371.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1999_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1999">Glantz 1999</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">О провале операции пишут А. Исаев, В. Бешанов, Д. Гланц.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/tippelskirch/07.html">Типпельскирх К. История Второй мировой войны. СПб.:Полигон; М.:АСТ, 1999 /(Tippelskirch K., Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges. — Bonn, 1954, Chapter VII</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mars-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mars_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2005-12-02/5_mars.html">Георгий Глебович Колыванов. «Марс», оказавшийся в тени «Урана» (Georgy Glebovich Kolyvanov. "Mars" in the shadow of "Uranus". Article published in the "Independent" 2 December 2005)</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012370_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 370.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.ru/files/10_2003.pdf">M. A. Гареев. Операция «Марс» и современные «марсиане»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401041659/http://mil.ru/files/10_2003.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-04-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Военно-исторический журнал № 10, 2003.]</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Pavel_Pavel_Anatolyevich_Sudoplatov_1950-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pavel_Pavel_Anatolyevich_Sudoplatov_1950_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/sudoplatov_pa/06.html">Судоплатов, Павел Анатольевич. Спецоперации. Лубянка и Кремль 1930–1950 годы. — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 1997.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsb.ru/fsb/history/author/single.htm!id%3D10318112@fsbPublication.html">Lyutmila Obchinikova. Secret activities at center of Moskva.</a> at official website of <a href="Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a>. 18-1-2002 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2005-04-22/7_radiogame.html">Andrey Tyurin, Vladimir Makarov et al. The fight between Lyublyanka and Abwehr – The "Monastery" radio game. Newspaper "Independence". 22-4-2005.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGjUd5htjagC&dq=%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C&pg=PA108">Eduard Prokopyevich Sharapov. Eltigen incidcent and the punishment blade of Stalin – The person of special goal. Neva Publisher. Sainkt Petersburg. 2003.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2012" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2012). <i>The Second World War</i>. New York: Back Bay Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-316-02375-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1999" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. (1999). <i>Zhukov's Greatest Defeat: The Red Army's Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942</i>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7006-0944-X</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKrisvosheev1997" class="citation book cs1">Krisvosheev, G. F. (1997). <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1853672804</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battlefield.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=163&Itemid=88">Counterpoint To Stalingrad: Operation Mars</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/battles/mars42.htm">Operation "Mars" – The Second Offensive in Rzhev Vicinities. November–December 1942</a></li></ul>

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